Chronic back pain is a common complaint among adults in India and worldwide. While occasional backaches can be caused by muscle strain or poor posture, persistent pain that lasts for weeks or months may indicate an underlying condition such as Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD). Understanding this condition, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options is essential to managing pain effectively and maintaining mobility.

In this article, we explore how DDD contributes to chronic back pain, what treatment options are available, and why consulting an experienced orthopaedician like Dr. Martha Balakrishna can make a significant difference in your quality of life.

Understanding Degenerative Disc Disease

Degenerative Disc Disease is a condition in which the intervertebral discs in the spine gradually lose their cushioning ability. These discs act as shock absorbers between the vertebrae, allowing for flexibility and movement of the spine. Over time, discs can lose water content, become thinner, or develop tears, resulting in reduced support and increased friction between vertebrae.

While DDD is often part of the natural ageing process, certain factors can accelerate its progression:

• Age-related wear and tear
• Previous spinal injuries or trauma
• Genetic predisposition
• Obesity or poor body mechanics
• Sedentary lifestyle or repetitive strain

Symptoms of Degenerative Disc Disease

The severity and type of symptoms vary depending on the location and extent of disc degeneration. Common symptoms include:

• Persistent or recurring back pain, often worsening with sitting, bending, or lifting
• Pain radiating to the buttocks, thighs, or arms if nerve compression occurs
• Stiffness or reduced flexibility in the spine
• Tingling, numbness, or weakness in the limbs in severe cases
• Pain that improves with movement but worsens with prolonged inactivity

It is important to note that not all patients with degenerative discs experience pain. Some may remain asymptomatic, while others may develop significant discomfort affecting daily life.

Diagnosis of Degenerative Disc Disease

Accurate diagnosis is crucial to differentiate DDD from other causes of chronic back pain, such as spinal stenosis, herniated discs, or arthritis. The diagnostic process typically includes:

• Medical History: Discussing symptoms, lifestyle, and previous injuries
• Physical Examination: Assessing mobility, posture, and neurological function
• Imaging Studies: X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to evaluate disc degeneration, spinal alignment, and nerve involvement
• Other Tests: Blood tests or bone scans may be used to rule out infection or other conditions

Early diagnosis allows for timely intervention, reducing pain and preventing further spinal damage.

Treatment Options for Degenerative Disc Disease

Treatment for DDD depends on the severity of symptoms and the impact on daily life. Most patients respond well to non-surgical management, while surgical intervention may be necessary in advanced cases.

Non-Surgical Treatments

• Physical Therapy: Exercises to strengthen the core, improve flexibility, and relieve pressure on the spine
• Medications: Pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, or muscle relaxants to manage discomfort
• Lifestyle Modifications: Weight management, ergonomic adjustments, and activity modification to reduce strain on the spine
• Injections: Corticosteroid injections may be used to reduce inflammation and pain in affected areas

Surgical Treatments

If conservative measures fail to provide relief, surgical options may be considered, such as:

• Discectomy: Removal of damaged disc material pressing on nerves
• Spinal Fusion: Joining vertebrae to stabilise the spine and reduce pain
• Artificial Disc Replacement: Replacing the degenerated disc with a synthetic one to restore movement and cushioning

The choice of surgery is personalised based on patient age, activity level, disc condition, and overall health.

Preventing or Slowing Disc Degeneration

While DDD is often age-related, adopting healthy habits can help prevent or slow its progression:

• Maintain a healthy weight to reduce spinal stress
• Practice good posture while sitting, standing, and lifting
• Engage in regular low-impact exercise such as walking, swimming, or yoga
• Avoid smoking, which can accelerate disc degeneration
• Use ergonomic furniture and supportive mattresses

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Degenerative Disc Disease the same as arthritis?

No. While both conditions affect the spine, DDD involves the intervertebral discs, whereas arthritis primarily affects the joints between vertebrae.

Does everyone with DDD experience back pain?

Not necessarily. Some individuals may have degenerative changes visible on imaging but remain asymptomatic.

Can DDD be reversed?

Degeneration itself cannot be reversed, but symptoms can be managed effectively with lifestyle changes, physical therapy, and medical or surgical treatments.

When is surgery necessary for DDD?

Surgery is considered when conservative treatments fail to relieve pain, or if there is significant nerve compression causing weakness or numbness.

Can DDD affect daily activities?

Yes, if untreated, severe DDD can limit mobility, interfere with work, and reduce quality of life.

Why Consult Dr. Martha Balakrishna

Dr. Martha Balakrishna is a leading orthopaedician and joint replacement surgeon with extensive experience in managing spinal conditions, including Degenerative Disc Disease. Her patient-focused approach emphasises accurate diagnosis, personalised treatment plans, and minimally invasive surgical techniques when necessary. Dr. Balakrishna combines clinical expertise with compassionate care to help patients regain mobility and live pain-free lives.

Schedule a Consultation Today

Do not let chronic back pain limit your life. Contact Dr. Martha Balakrishna to discuss your symptoms, get an accurate diagnosis, and explore personalised treatment options for Degenerative Disc Disease. Take the first step towards a stronger, healthier spine today.